Case Studies

Real employment tribunal decisions, explained in plain English for employees. Each case sets out what happened, what the tribunal found, and what it means for you.

234 case studies
Mixed 1989

Genuine settlement conversations cannot be used against you in tribunal.

Genuine settlement communications are absolutely protected from use in tribunal proceedings, whether or not they are marked “without prejudice”.

Employee-favourable 1988

You can challenge a pay cut without resigning, as long as you protest clearly.

If your employer cuts your pay without your agreement, you can continue to work under protest and claim the difference, without needing to resign, as long as you make your objection clear immediately and in writing.

Employee-favourable 1988

If your contract sets out a disciplinary procedure, your employer has to follow it before dismissing you, even when the allegation looks like gross misconduct.

The disciplinary procedure in your contract binds your employer, so a serious-sounding allegation does not let them skip the steps they agreed to before dismissing you.

Employee-favourable 1987

Wages earned in a new job during unpaid notice cannot reduce what your employer owes you.

Wages you earn in a new job during a notice period your employer failed to give you cannot be deducted from the notice pay your employer owes you. You are entitled to both.

Employee-favourable 1987

Being made redundant without any process is still unfair dismissal.

If you were made redundant without warning or consultation, you were denied something you were legally entitled to. A genuine redundancy situation does not make an unfair process acceptable.

Employer-favourable 1987

Working near someone who harassed you does not always mean your employer broke the law

Reporting harassment should trigger a real response from your employer, not just a promise.

Employee-favourable 1985

A series of smaller incidents can together justify leaving and claiming constructive dismissal.

If your employer has been treating you badly over time, the cumulative effect of those incidents can support a constructive dismissal claim, even if no single incident was bad enough on its own.

Mixed 1984

Signing a settlement under pressure does not mean you are bound by it.

The without prejudice rule protects the content of settlement negotiations, but it does not prevent a court from examining what happened when the question is whether a concluded settlement was properly reached or procured.

Mixed 1984

A settlement offer marked without prejudice save as to costs can still affect who pays costs.

A "without prejudice save as to costs" offer is protected from use on the merits of a claim, but can be produced after judgment on the question of costs. In employment tribunals, this affects costs risk.

Employer-favourable 1983

A tribunal tests whether a reasonable employer could have made your employer’s decision.

In an unfair dismissal claim, the test is not what the tribunal would have decided but whether your employer’s decision was one a reasonable employer could have made. Process failures are often where employers fall outside the range.

Employee-favourable 1982

Redundancy selection has to be based on objective criteria, not who your manager likes.

A redundancy can be genuine and still be unfair, because fairness is judged on the process used to select you, not only on whether the business need was real.

Employee-favourable 1981

Turning down a demotion dressed up as “suitable alternative employment” does not cost you your redundancy pay.

You do not have to accept a demotion dressed up as suitable alternative employment just to protect your redundancy pay.